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The snubber and methods for shunt compensation, or isolation of a capacitive load and useful to stabilize the D / A converter when the load is removed or the sensor is excited.
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In distributed systems, analog signals are transmitted to or from sensors or loads. Since signals to travel in this kind of systems often long distances, the noise issue of central importance. Noise coupled into the signals to be transmitted one, damaged data and generates unwanted effects.
Thus, such systems need to be properly protected. Only when the rate and the nature of the expected noise are known, can the necessary protection that must be implemented in order to cancel the noise, or at least to minimize interference present in the environment, define.
There are two different types of noise or interference. This depends on how the noise is coupled into the main signal - common mode noise or differential noise (Figure 1).
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The less harmful noise type is the common mode noise. Common mode noise is added to both the system ground (GND) and the excitation signal. Mainly it is due to a dipole antenna effect between cables and true mass.
Common mode noise does not affect the signal, since the noise is injected simultaneously in a similar magnitude in both channels. The problem is that common mode noise generates a signal offset, which raises the real mass and potential causes two undesirable effects.
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First, it can bring the load into saturation if it is indirectly related to real mass. For example, if the sensor is protected by a metal housing. Second, can cause arcing, which will damage the sensor.
Common mode noise is a particular problem when a Wheatstone bridge is excited. In this case, the output signal needs to be processed by the controller. This is usually done with an instrument amplifier, which has a finite CMRR value (value for the common-mode rejection) and thus may increase noise.
Common mode noise can be minimized by passing the input signal through low-pass filter used (for example, RC-filter) or common mode chokes. An important point is that asymmetric damped common mode noise generated differential noise.
A practical example of an asymmetric damping is a low pass filter. In this case, there is the cut-off frequency from the values ​​of the resistor (R) and the capacitor (C). Due to component tolerances can have different cut-off frequencies for the two connecting lines.