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It is hard to determine when, precisely, Rickey came up with the idea of an fifa 15 coins ostensible third Negro league that would compete with the exist- ing, loosely organized Negro American and Negro National Leagues but whose purpose would really be to camouflage his intention to integrate his mainstream Dodgers franchise. Rickey understood that the status quo served owners like Clark Griffith, of the Washington Senators, and William Benswanger, of the Pittsburgh Pirates, who were getting sizable rental fees from the owners of the existing Negro League franchises.

Whenever the idea first came up in his fertile and sometimes Machiavel- lian brain, we know that he made it public on May 8, 1945, at a press conference at the Dodger offices in Brooklyn. A five-team United States League was to start play that summer, with the Brooklyn Brown Dodgers as one of the franchises along with teams in Toledo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. Rickey dismissed the existing Negro Leagues as “organi- zations in the zone of a racket,” deriding the booking agents whom he said wanted outrageous fees to book the teams and the Negro League owners who were often in the numbers business and other disreputable enterprises.

It is certainly ironic, or some might say hypocritical, that Rickey dis- missed the existing Negro Leagues while joining with similar bookers and gamblers in his own short-lived Negro league. “I spent $30,000 of Brooklyn money and lost it all,” Rickey told Jackie Robinson in 1963 in an interview for Robinson’s book about civil rights progress, Baseball Has Done It. “We organized that racket colored league – and that’s what it was, pure racket.”

But sensing baseball’s traditional conservative, if not reactionary, at-titudes toward change, especially such major racial change, Rickey obvi- ously felt some chicanery was necessary to mask his intentions. Rickey’s United States League certainly fooled many journalists in the Negro press who would have been very sympathetic if they had known what Rickey was secretly planning. Ludlow Werner, of the New York Age, called Rickey’s formation of a new Negro league the action of a “pompous ass,” and A. S. “Doc” Young, one of the most eloquent of the Negro sportswriters, railed, “Rickey is no Abe Lincoln or FDR and we won’t accept him as a dictator of Negro baseball. Hitler and Mussolini are no longer! We need no American dictator!”52 Rickey must have chortled at the Negro activists’ uninformed attacks on him, just as he must have been amused at the ignorance of his unsuspecting partners and competitors in the mainstream baseball business.